Is Fluoride in Water Bad for You? Common Questions, Answered

Fluoride has recently become a hot topic, especially following public discussions about whether it should be removed from the water supply. But what does science actually say? Here’s what you need to know.

What Is Fluoride?

Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral found in many foods and water sources. It’s widely known for its dental benefits, helping to strengthen tooth enamel and prevent cavities. It can even help reverse early signs of tooth decay through a process called remineralization.

Today, fluoride is commonly found in toothpaste, mouthwash, and professional treatments offered at dental offices.

When Should People Start Using Fluoride?

According to the Cleveland Clinic, fluoride use should begin around six months of age and continue through adolescence (around age 16), as this is when teeth are still forming. However, young children should use only a small amount of toothpaste (pea-sized) and be supervised to prevent swallowing. The American Dental Association recommends avoiding fluoride mouthwashes until after age six.

Fluoride isn’t just for kids. Adults benefit too—especially those with a history of cavities, gum disease, dry mouth, or dental appliances like crowns or braces.

When Was Fluoride First Added to Drinking Water?

Before the 1930s, cavities and dental infections were widespread, often leading to tooth loss in children. Researchers discovered that communities with naturally fluoridated water had significantly less tooth decay. This led to the decision to add fluoride to public water supplies. Since then, rates of dental decay have dropped dramatically.

Water fluoridation is considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century, according to the CDC. The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health has also stated that fluoride is not a pollutant.

Is Fluoride Harmful to Brain Development?

At very high levels, fluoride can cause dental fluorosis—discoloration or white spots on teeth. There has been ongoing research into whether excessive fluoride exposure could affect brain development or IQ in children, but so far, evidence is inconclusive and based on unusually high exposure levels not seen in typical use.

The ADA emphasizes that normal use of fluoride—from toothpaste or tap water—is both safe and beneficial.

What Happens If We Remove Fluoride From the Water Supply?

Removing fluoride from public water supplies could lead to a rise in dental decay, especially in communities without easy access to dental care or fluoride-based products.

Tooth and gum disease can affect more than just your mouth. Severe dental issues can interfere with eating, speaking, and even sleep. They’ve also been linked to broader health problems like heart disease and chronic inflammation.

Communities that have historically lacked fluoridated water often see significantly higher rates of cavities, even in young children. Maintaining water fluoridation is one way to help close that gap and protect oral health on a broad scale.


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